This article attempts to review and explicate Planning Ethics concept, largely as articulated by exponents of the practical Ethics, in terms of the planning theory. The paper can be read in a sequence of a larger argument about planning Ethics and it makes more urgent the existing critiques of planning theories without ethical direction. We develop – based on thematic analysis method-how professional Ethics Codes in planning produce important issues that must be considered. So at the very core of the article is an attempt to recompose of the ethical view about planning tactics in the decision-making process, to break out from idealism of conventional planning theory to make space for the insights of realistic thinking about planner behavior. The article argues therefore that the idea of problem-oriented Ethics in planning can go realized.

It is always necessary to have a minimum level of cultural knowledge for every one who wants to enjoy common rights of a society, and then all members of a society can be asked to obey lows and regulations. Medical Ethics, as one of the most applicable branches of Ethics, has always been interesting for ethicists. It has always been intertwined with medical principles and rules. And since promoting the effects of physician s medical knowledge on patient s health through psychological and moral principles is a research topic in medical Ethics, practitioners of these principles, namely physicians, have always shown much interest in it. Medical Ethics is a social science that provides solutions for ethical dilemmas arising from medical practice. The present paper is an attempt to relate these principles with Islamic general ethical principles and rules.

Background: The present study focuses on the importance of observing professional Ethics Codes by global media. The main objective of this study is to emphasize the necessity of providing ethical Codes for global media. Global media Ethics aims at developing a comprehensive set of principles and standards for the practice of journalism in age of globalization. This study has reviewed the main interrelated theory regarding Ethics, morality and media. The media Ethics Codes of different countries have been examined under the research. The study findings show that the Ethics dominating the media of each country comes from the values, norms, and code of conduct existing in that society; accordingly, there is a direct relationship between media Ethics code and the values and norms of a society or culture. Conclusion: Based on the study’ s literature review, theoretical framework and the comparison analysis of the different media Ethics Codes, the article introduces an applicable ethical guideline and the main strategic professional Ethics Codes for global media.

Background Modern tourism has caused social, economic and environmental damage, in spite of its positive effects, in order to earn money and profit. One of the reasons for these problems is the lack of respect for ethical issues by tourists. The purpose of this article is to investigate and analyze the indicators and Codes of ethical tourism from the viewpoint of tourists in the Ganjnameh tourism area of Hamedan. Method The present study is descriptive-analytic. The statistical population consisted of tourists from the Ganjnameh of Hamedan. Among them, 82 tourists were selected by simple random sampling. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-sample t-test and correlation coefficient using SPSS software. Results The results of this study showed that all the components of tourism Ethics of tourists were evaluated more than average and desirable. This situation is independent of their place of residence, age, sex, occupation and education, and there is no relationship between them. Conclusion Based on data analysis, the extent to which tourists adhere to the Ethics of tourism in relation to the host society and the environment has caused their behavior and ethical behavior to be appropriate. Therefore, the elaboration and promotion of the principles and Codes of tourism Ethics based on Iranian Islamic culture will be the basis for promoting sustainable tourism and positive economic, social and environmental impacts.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to provide a practical model for promoting sports Ethics and developing ethical Codes as a behavioral guide for sports coaches. The present study is applied in purpose and  a mixed method; and the method of data collection is of field research. Methods: To plan Codes of Ethics for sports coaches, an interview was conducted between 13 people (purposive sampling and snowball technique) from the coaches of sports teams of the Premier League, one and two soccer teams (especially ethical coaches), then a questionnaire extracted from the qualitative interview was required. 30 football coaches were selected. Finally, to determine the appropriateness of the proposed model, a 23-item questionnaire made by the researchers was given to some experts in the field of sports Ethics for coaches, and the final model was presented.Results: The findings showed that there are 6 main factors or ethical Codes for coaches' sports Ethics, which in order of factor loading includes factors related to attention and concentration with a factor load of 0.86 with the highest priority, factors related to justice and fair treatment with a factor load of 84 0.0, factors related to trustworthiness with a factor load of 0.83, factors related to care and responsibility and chivalry with a factor load of 0.70, factors related to technical competence with a factor load of 0.62 and factors related to beliefs and values With a factor load of 0.54, it is the sixth priority.Conclusion: Finally, it is suggested that by considering the extracted factors as a practical model, a charter for the ethical Codes of sports coaches should be compiled and introduced as a legal norm.

The advances in science and technology in recent decades, especially in medical sciences, have raised new ethical challenges. Hence, professional organizations in the field of medical science are trying to develop regulations in the field of medical Ethics to help medical science professionals in making the best decisions in different circumstances and moral dilemmas. The organizations also try to monitor their performance using those regulations. On the other hand, due to the specialization of medical science as well as the complexity of communication between these disciplines, there is a growing need for regulations to answer questions and resolve the challenges of each discipline. Certainly, scientific societies, due to benefit from relevant specialists, are the best reference for the development of specialized guidelines, one of which is the Iranian Society of Asthma and Allergy (ISAA). The aim of the current study was to develop Codes of Ethics for ISAA members, using a qualitative study. Generally, the ISAA Codes of professional Ethics consists of general and specific sections. In order to compile the general section, the upstream medical documents, including the patients' rights charter in Iran, the research Ethics guidelines approved by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME), ethical Codes from the international societies of asthma and allergy, the general Codes of professional Ethics of the Iran Medical Council and the Islamic jurisprudential rules and the statute law of the country were used. To develop specific sections, we interviewed the experts in the field of Asthma and Allergy about the ethical challenges they had ever faced with. The ISAA Codes of professional Ethics developed in five chapters, entitled "Ethical Guidelines for the Mangers and Director of the Society, General Guidelines, Specific Guidelines, Ethical Guidelines for Research and Education, and Procedure for Supervision on the Professional Behavior of the ISAA Members", and approved by the board of directors of ISAA.

Medicine and Ethics have increasingly more links caused by considerable progresses in biotechnology in different fields of medical diagnosis, treatment and prevention. The issue of research Ethics is one of the most important subjects which have been emphasized by international and regional organizations, policy-makers, medical and religious professions, scientists and researchers in different countries in recent decade. Research Ethics, as one of the main issues of modern bioEthics, has attracted the interest of scientists and ethicists in various areas of science and technology around the world.Research Ethics Committees (RECs) have been established to improve putting Ethics into practice in the field of research. A ‘Research Ethics Committee' (REC) is defined as a multidisciplinary, independent, body charged with reviewing research involving human participants to ensure that their dignity, rights and welfare are protected. Research Ethics committees protect the welfare and rights of participants involved in research through reviewing research proposals, monitoring the conduct of research and dealing with complaints that arise from research. RECs, fortunately, have received a great deal of attention in different countries, and their mission, goals, and tasks have been described in many national and international guidelines. Ethical guidelines for biomedical research and RECs administrative regulations have been developed in Iran too.This manuscript will introduce you to the concepts underlying research Ethics committees worldwide and in Iran. In this study, we present suggestions concerning course presentation and contents, which are provided by international assemblies. In view of the fact that many RECs in our country do not have specific plans for their members' primary training and continuing education, there seems to be a need for fundamental changes in the educational prerequisites for membership in this important organization.We hope the manuscript could enhance awareness of biomedical researchers about status and duties of research Ethics committees and consequently strengthen the RECs in our country.Moreover, it is recommended that the Ministry of Health and Medical Education take more serious actions to establish and monitor Ethics committees throughout the country. Therefore, a comparative study of ethical Codes and guidelines is necessary to prevent the possible deviations in the course of research. This study is a literature review study and after reviewing the scientific literature in this field, review set of existing international Codes such as Nuremberg, Helsinki, Belmont and... . The findings of this review article can help developing policymakers of Codes of Ethics.